鯰魚效應(Catfish Effect) ，也稱(Weever Effect)
什麼是鯰魚效應
挪威人愛吃沙丁魚，尤其是活魚，挪威人在海上捕得沙丁魚後，如果能讓他活著抵港，賣價就會比死魚高好幾倍。但是，由於沙丁魚生性懶惰，不愛運動，返航的路途又很長，因此捕撈到的沙丁魚往往一回到碼頭就死了，即使有些活的，也是奄奄一息。只有一位漁民的沙丁魚總是活的，而且很生猛，所以他賺的錢也比別人的多。該漁民嚴守成功秘密，直到他死後，人們才打開他的魚槽，發現只不過是多了一條鯰魚。原來鯰魚以魚為主要食物,裝入魚槽後，由於環境陌生，就會四處游動，而沙丁魚發現這一異已分子後，也會緊張起來，加速游動，如此一來，沙丁魚便活著回到港口。這就是所謂的“鯰魚效應”。運用這一效應，通過個體的“中途介入”，對群體起到競爭作用，它符合人才管理的運行機制。
與此相似，日本也有一個漁夫故事。
日本的北海道盛產一種味道珍奇的鰻魚，海邊漁村的許多漁民都以捕撈魚為生。鰻魚的生命非常脆弱，只要一離開深海區，要不了半天就會全部死亡。
有一位老漁民天天出海捕撈鰻魚，奇怪的是，返回岸邊之後，他的鰻魚總是活蹦亂跳。而其他捕撈鰻魚的漁戶，無論怎樣對待捕撈到的鰻魚，回港後全是死的。由於鮮活的鰻魚要比冷凍的鰻魚貴出一倍，所以沒幾年功夫，老漁民一家便成了遠近聞名的富翁。周圍的漁民做著同樣的事情，卻一直只能維持簡單的溫飽。原來，鰻魚不死的秘訣，就是在整倉的鰻魚中，放進幾條狗魚。鰻魚與狗魚非但不是同類，還是出了名的死對頭。幾條勢單力薄的狗魚遇到成倉的對手，便驚慌地在鰻魚堆里四處亂竄，這樣一來，一倉死氣沉沉的鰻魚被全部激活了。
這就是“鰻魚效應”的由來，也稱“狗魚效應”。實則兩者本質是一樣的。
目前，一些機關單位實行的公開招考和競爭上崗，就是很好的典型。這種方法能夠使人產生危機感從而更好地工作。同樣的，大部分失敗的公司，事先都有一些徵兆顯示已經出了問題，然而即使有少數管理者已略微察覺這些現象，也不太留意。如：企業的氣氛沉悶，缺乏壓力，管理層安閑舒適，員工充滿惰性，一些真正具有能力和潛力的人員則得不到充分發揮才能的機會，他們或者離開公司，或者被無謂地浪費掉，企業慢慢地失去生機。
鯰魚效應的表現
“鯰魚效應”是企業領導層激發員工活力的有效措施之一。它表現在兩方面：
一是企業要不斷補充新鮮血液，把那些富有朝氣、思維敏捷的年輕生力軍引入職工隊伍中甚至管理層，給那些固步自封、因循守舊的懶惰員工和官僚帶來競爭壓力，才能喚起“沙丁魚”們的生存意識和競爭求勝之心。
二是要不斷地引進新技術、新工藝、新設備、新管理觀念，這樣才能使企業在市場大潮中搏擊風浪，增強生存能力和適應能力。
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